No worries.
Yes...those are the blending modes.
You'll notice they are grouped....the second group generally make an image darker....the next group lighter.....some are commutative, some are not.
See this for a better explanation than I could give you...
http://photoblogstop.com/photoshop/photoshop-blend-modes-explained
This site is also an excellent resource....with an example for each blend mode...
http://www.pegtop.net/delphi/articles/blendmodes/index.htm
As all the blending modes do calculations in completely different ways its impossible to state 'exactly' which blending mode to use....there are instances where the result is always the same but in reality each project is different.
Its for this reason I didn't specify a blending mode in my original post but rather suggested you try them all to see which one gives the best result.
In my example 'Color Burn' seemed to give a good result....but that's only with that specific background.....your example has a different background and so a different blending mode may be better.
Its all experimentation really but the normal workflow is to just open the dropdown, select 'Normal' (which will highlight) and then just use the keyboard cursor keys to quickly scoot up or down the list.....stopping when one of them 'looks' good.
Blending modes is one of those things where the result is pretty unpredictable unless its really simple....or you're a maths genius.
Regards.
MrToM.