Not sure why you would want to do this but one is not to reason why.
It depends on the resolution you set for the image (which you didn't specify)...if your monitor has a low resolution then printing at the same low resolution will result in an inferior print, but if your monitor has a resolution of 600 ppi, (which I doubt very much), or more then the print will be fine...but only if the image resolution is appropriate.
NOTE: The image is NOT representative of the practices used.
Take a capital 'A' with AA set to 'Sharp'...
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The pixel dimensions can be obtained by selecting the pixels and reading the bounding box dimensions in the info panel...
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With the image resolution set to 100 ppi, we can calculate the printed size of the image...
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Printing that at 100 dpi would result in 'x' amount of ink being used for the size of print...
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Increasing the image resolution to say 300 ppi means the printed image will be smaller...
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Using the same dpi over a smaller area doesn't affect 'quality', its just using less ink...
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Increasing the dpi means using more ink over the same area so in theory you get a much better 'quality' print...
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Setting the print dpi to the same value as your monitor ppi is a peculiar practice for sure but if you intend to do it for whatever reason then the results you get will very much depend on what you set the image resolution to be.
I don't do much printing now but If I did then I would keep my print dpi to around 600....for a 'really good' print I would probably use 1200 dpi....but again that would depend on other factors too.
Regards.
MrToM.