Hi Trevor -
The lighting in your "jetty jumpers" image is really interesting. When I first saw this wonderful image and was considering the possibility that fill flash was used, I thought about exactly the same problem that you mentioned, ie, getting enough flash intensity to have any significant effect in daylight. I've fought the same battle myself, many times. LOL.
I then thought about the direction of the primary source of light on the boys. It's clear that whatever is lighting these foreground objects is not a diffuse source (ie, clouds), and must be located either very near the camera or directly above it (ie, not in front of the boys, not to either side, and not very close to vertical). This is because there are no shadows cast by either the left or right poles on the jetty, and because the shadowing on the boys bodies is only at the very edges of their bodies and is about the same on both sides of their bodies. The shadowing cast by the swim trunks on the legs of the 3rd boy from the left is probably the most definitive source of info on the lighting and suggests that the light source is a good bit above the camera, reinforcing your statement that the sun is the main light source, not a flash.
However, I'm still puzzled by two things. The first is that the EXIF data for you image says that a flash was indeed fired.
The second is why is everything in the foreground so much brighter than the mountains? If the sun is the primary source of light for both, the reflectivity of the weathered wood on the dock is not that different from the reflectivity of the trees covering the closer mountains, so both should be about equal brightness, yet the mountains are so much darker than the foreground objects. Did you selectively either brighten the foreground or darken the background?
Cheers,
Tom
PS - Sorry if this bores you, Paul, but, nerd that I am, this sort of analysis and discussion absolutely fascinates me. ;-)